The five major components of soil are:
Minerals: Minerals are the inorganic particles found in soil, primarily derived from the weathering and decomposition of rocks. The mineral composition of soil can vary depending on the parent material of the soil and the surrounding geological formations.
Organic Matter: Organic matter refers to the decomposed remains of plants, animals, and microorganisms in the soil. It includes plant residues, animal waste, dead organisms, and humus (a stable form of organic matter). Organic matter improves soil fertility, structure, water holding capacity, and nutrient availability.
Water: Water is an essential component of soil. It fills the spaces between soil particles (pore spaces) and is vital for plant growth and various soil processes. The presence of water in soil affects its physical properties, nutrient availability, microbial activity, and overall soil health.
Air: Air occupies the spaces between soil particles alongside water. Adequate air circulation in the soil is crucial for the survival of plant roots and soil organisms. Oxygen availability is essential for root respiration and the activity of aerobic microorganisms that decompose organic matter.
Soil Organisms: Soil is teeming with diverse organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, earthworms, insects, and small mammals. These organisms play critical roles in nutrient cycling, decomposition of organic matter, soil structure formation, pest control, and overall soil health.
It's important to note that the proportions of these components can vary depending on factors such as climate, vegetation, topography, and land management practices.