When an atom is split, a process known as nuclear fission occurs. Nuclear fission is the splitting of an atomic nucleus into two or more smaller nuclei, along with the release of a large amount of energy. This process can happen spontaneously in some unstable isotopes, such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239, or it can be induced artificially through a controlled chain reaction.
When a heavy nucleus, such as uranium-235, absorbs a neutron, it becomes unstable and undergoes fission. The nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, releasing a significant amount of energy in the form of kinetic energy of the fragments and the emission of multiple high-energy photons called gamma rays. Additionally, several neutrons are released during the fission process.
These released neutrons can then collide with other nearby nuclei, causing them to undergo fission as well. This leads to a chain reaction, where each fission event releases more neutrons, which in turn cause more fissions, resulting in a rapid release of energy.
The energy released during nuclear fission is immense and can be harnessed for various purposes. One primary application is in nuclear power plants, where the energy is used to generate electricity. The heat generated from the fission reactions is used to produce steam, which drives turbines connected to generators.
It's important to note that nuclear fission can also occur in an uncontrolled manner, resulting in a nuclear explosion. This is the basis for nuclear weapons, where the goal is to rapidly release a massive amount of energy in an extremely destructive manner.
Overall, splitting an atom through nuclear fission results in the release of a significant amount of energy and the production of smaller nuclei, along with the emission of gamma rays and the release of neutrons that can cause a chain reaction.