No, it is not possible to accurately identify an atom without knowing its number of electrons and protons. The number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number, which uniquely identifies the element. For example, an atom with six protons is always carbon, regardless of its electron configuration or charge.
The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons, ensuring electrical neutrality. However, knowing only the number of electrons or the presence of a charge (anion or cation) does not provide sufficient information to identify the specific element.
To determine the identity of an atom, it is crucial to know the number of protons (atomic number) and, in most cases, the number of electrons in the neutral state. The arrangement and distribution of electrons within the atom play a crucial role in determining its chemical and physical properties, but the fundamental identification is based on the number of protons.