If a ball is thrown downward with an initial velocity of 12 m/s, and we assume the acceleration due to gravity is g = 9.8 m/s², we can calculate the velocity of the ball 1.0 second after it is released using the kinematic equation for linear motion:
v = u + at
where: v is the final velocity, u is the initial velocity, a is the acceleration, and t is the time.
Given: u = 12 m/s (initial velocity), a = g = 9.8 m/s² (acceleration due to gravity), and t = 1.0 s (time).
Substituting the given values into the equation:
v = 12 m/s + (9.8 m/s²) * 1.0 s
v = 12 m/s + 9.8 m/s²
v = 21.8 m/s
Therefore, the velocity of the ball 1.0 second after it is released is 21.8 m/s.