The range or extent of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) depends on several factors, including the source of the EMP, its energy level, and the surrounding environment.
EMP can be generated by various means, such as nuclear explosions, high-altitude bursts, or intentional EMP devices. The size of the detonation or the power output of the EMP device can influence the range of its effects.
In the case of a high-altitude nuclear detonation, also known as a high-altitude EMP (HEMP), the range can be quite extensive. The burst of gamma rays emitted from the explosion interacts with the Earth's atmosphere, producing a strong electromagnetic field that can induce damaging currents in electrical systems over a wide area. Depending on the altitude of the detonation, the size of the weapon, and other factors, the affected area can extend hundreds to thousands of kilometers in radius.
For smaller-scale EMP devices, such as those intentionally designed to disrupt electronic systems, the range is generally more limited. These devices typically have a shorter range, on the order of meters to tens of meters, and their effects diminish rapidly with distance.
It's important to note that the range of an EMP is influenced by many variables, including the characteristics of the pulse, the susceptibility of the affected systems, and the presence of shielding or protective measures. Additionally, advances in technology and countermeasures can affect the effectiveness and range of EMP devices.
Given the complexity and potentially hazardous nature of EMP, it is advisable to consult authoritative sources and experts in the field of electromagnetic warfare or electromagnetic compatibility to obtain the most accurate and up-to-date information regarding specific scenarios and potential countermeasures.