Background radiation consists of various types of radiation that are constantly present in the environment. The main types of radiation found in background radiation are:
Electromagnetic radiation: This includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. Of these, the lower-energy forms like radio waves and visible light are not typically associated with health risks, while the higher-energy forms like X-rays and gamma rays can be potentially harmful in large doses.
Particulate radiation: This consists of tiny particles that can carry energy and are emitted during radioactive decay or nuclear reactions. The most common types of particulate radiation in background radiation include alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons. Alpha particles are relatively large and can be stopped by a sheet of paper or a few centimeters of air, while beta particles are smaller and can penetrate further, requiring thicker shielding. Neutrons have no electrical charge and can penetrate deeper into materials.
Background radiation can originate from a variety of natural and artificial sources, including cosmic rays from outer space, radioactive elements in the Earth's crust, radon gas, nuclear fallout, and human activities like nuclear power generation and medical procedures involving radiation. The specific composition and levels of background radiation can vary depending on location, altitude, and other factors.