To calculate the average voltage of a square wave with different voltage levels for low and high values, you need to consider the duty cycle. The duty cycle is the ratio of the duration of the high voltage level to the total period of the waveform.
Let's assume the square wave has a duty cycle of D (expressed as a decimal) and a high voltage level of V_high and a low voltage level of V_low.
The average voltage (V_avg) of the square wave can be calculated using the following formula:
V_avg = D * V_high + (1 - D) * V_low
For example, if the high voltage level (V_high) is 4V, the low voltage level (V_low) is -2V, and the duty cycle (D) is 0.5 (50%), the average voltage would be:
V_avg = 0.5 * 4V + (1 - 0.5) * (-2V) = 2V + (-1V) = 1V
Therefore, the average voltage of the square wave with an amplitude of -2V for low voltage and 4V for high voltage, and a duty cycle of 0.5, would be 1V.