Before the advent of planes and satellites, maps were made using a combination of techniques that relied on ground-based observations and measurements. Here are some common methods used in the past:
Surveying: Surveyors played a crucial role in creating maps. They would measure angles, distances, and elevations using instruments like theodolites and surveyor's chains. These measurements were used to create accurate topographic maps.
Triangulation: This technique involved measuring the angles and distances between a network of known points on the ground. By extending these measurements across a larger area, a network of triangles was created. This method allowed for the calculation of distances and the creation of detailed maps.
Traversing: Traversing involved measuring the distances and angles between a series of connected points on the ground. This method was particularly useful for mapping smaller areas.
Ground-based astronomical observations: Celestial observations, such as measuring the positions of stars or using the sun's angles, were used to determine latitude and longitude. This information was crucial for creating accurate maps.
Cartography: Skilled cartographers would take the measurements and observations gathered from surveys and translate them onto paper or other mediums. They would draw the maps, adding details, symbols, and labels to represent geographical features.
Explorers' and travelers' accounts: Maps were often based on the firsthand accounts of explorers and travelers who ventured into unknown territories. They would make sketches or notes describing the landscapes they encountered, and cartographers would incorporate this information into maps.
It is important to note that mapping before planes and satellites was a laborious and time-consuming process, often requiring extensive fieldwork and meticulous measurements. The accuracy and level of detail varied depending on the available technology, resources, and the skills of the individuals involved.