The concept of time freezing or ceasing to exist when there are no particles or energy is not well-defined within our current understanding of physics. Time is a fundamental dimension that is intricately linked with space in the framework of spacetime.
According to the theory of relativity, time is not an independent entity but is interconnected with the fabric of spacetime. Spacetime is a four-dimensional framework that combines the three dimensions of space with the dimension of time. It is through the interplay of space and time that we perceive events and their ordering.
In empty space, even in the absence of particles or energy, time still progresses. However, it's worth noting that our current understanding of physics is based on quantum field theory, which suggests that empty space is not truly empty but is filled with quantum fields and fluctuations.
Quantum field theory describes the behavior of fundamental particles and their interactions. These quantum fields exist even in seemingly empty space and can fluctuate, giving rise to virtual particles that briefly pop in and out of existence. These fluctuations contribute to the fabric of spacetime and affect the passage of time.
Therefore, even in the absence of observable particles or energy, the underlying quantum nature of spacetime and the presence of quantum fields would still imply the existence and progression of time. However, it's important to note that our understanding of the nature of time and its behavior at extremely small scales or in extreme conditions, such as in a hypothetical scenario of no particles or energy, is an active area of research and subject to ongoing scientific investigation.