Particles interact with one another through various fundamental forces in nature. The known fundamental forces are:
Electromagnetic Force: This force is responsible for interactions between electrically charged particles. It includes the attraction between opposite charges (e.g., electrons and protons) and the repulsion between like charges. Electromagnetic force is responsible for holding electrons in orbit around atomic nuclei and for interactions between charged particles in macroscopic objects.
Gravitational Force: Gravitational force is responsible for the attraction between objects with mass. It is the force that governs the motion of planets, stars, and galaxies. While gravity is the weakest of the fundamental forces, it acts over long distances and dominates the behavior of large-scale structures in the universe.
Strong Nuclear Force: The strong nuclear force (also known as the strong interaction or strong force) is responsible for holding atomic nuclei together. It acts between particles called quarks, which are the building blocks of protons and neutrons, as well as between other particles that carry a property called color charge. The strong force is the strongest of the fundamental forces but is limited to very short distances within atomic nuclei.
Weak Nuclear Force: The weak nuclear force (or weak interaction) is involved in certain types of nuclear decay, such as beta decay. It is responsible for processes in which particles change their type or properties. The weak force is much weaker than the electromagnetic and strong forces and has a very short range.
These four fundamental forces describe the interactions of particles at the quantum level. However, at macroscopic scales, such as everyday objects, the effects of gravity and electromagnetism dominate, while the strong and weak forces have negligible influence.
It is worth noting that scientists are continually exploring the nature of these interactions and seeking to understand how they are unified into a more comprehensive framework, such as a theory of everything.