According to our current understanding of physics and the principles of thermodynamics, it is not possible to create a battery that never loses capacity over time. This limitation arises from the fundamental laws of nature.
The second law of thermodynamics states that in any energy conversion process, such as charging and discharging a battery, there will always be some energy dissipated as waste heat. This dissipation of energy is unavoidable and leads to a gradual loss of the battery's capacity over multiple charging and discharging cycles. This phenomenon is commonly known as "capacity fade" and is observed in all practical battery systems.
Various factors contribute to capacity fade, including chemical reactions within the battery, the growth of solid deposits on electrode surfaces, structural changes in the battery materials, and other degradation mechanisms. Even with advances in battery technology and materials, these inherent processes cannot be completely eliminated.
While researchers and engineers strive to develop batteries with improved lifespan and reduced capacity fade, creating a battery that never loses capacity is not currently feasible within the boundaries of known physics. It would require a fundamental shift in our understanding of energy and thermodynamics.