When firing artillery shells, the curvature and the spin of the Earth are indeed taken into account, particularly for long-range or highly precise shots. These factors are important considerations in ballistics and are accounted for in the calculations and adjustments made by artillery crews or computerized targeting systems.
Here are a few points to explain how curvature and Earth's rotation are considered in artillery firing:
Coriolis Effect: The rotation of the Earth causes the Coriolis effect, which results in the deflection of moving objects, including artillery shells. The Coriolis effect causes objects to appear to deviate from their straight path when observed from a rotating reference frame (the Earth). To compensate for this effect, adjustments are made to the aiming or targeting calculations to ensure accuracy.
Trajectory calculations: When firing artillery shells over long distances, trajectory calculations account for the curvature of the Earth. The path of the shell is not a straight line but rather a curved trajectory due to the Earth's surface curving away. This is considered to ensure that the shell reaches the desired target.
Ballistic tables and software: Artillery crews and modern targeting systems employ sophisticated ballistic tables and software that incorporate various factors, including Earth's rotation and curvature. These tables and software provide information on the adjustments required to compensate for the effects of rotation and curvature, enabling more accurate targeting.
Practical considerations: In some cases, the impact of Earth's rotation and curvature may not be significant enough to warrant adjustments, especially for shorter-range shots or when other factors, such as wind or target proximity, have a more substantial impact on the trajectory. In such scenarios, the simplifying assumption of a flat Earth may be reasonable.
It's important to note that the specific adjustments and considerations for artillery firing vary based on factors such as the range, type of artillery, precision requirements, and operational constraints. Artillery units and systems undergo training and employ various techniques to ensure their shots are accurate, taking into account the relevant factors, including Earth's curvature and rotation, to the extent necessary for the desired level of precision.