Planes are able to land safely on a spinning Earth due to the principles of relative motion and the ability of pilots to adjust their flight paths accordingly. Here's an explanation of how planes navigate and land despite the Earth's rotation:
Airplane Navigation: Airplanes use navigation systems, such as GPS (Global Positioning System), radar, and onboard instruments, to determine their position and navigate accurately. These systems provide information based on a fixed reference frame, such as the Earth's surface or a global coordinate system. They are not directly affected by the Earth's rotation.
Air Traffic Control (ATC): Air Traffic Control plays a crucial role in coordinating and guiding airplanes during takeoff, flight, and landing. ATC monitors the position and movement of aircraft and provides instructions to pilots to ensure safe separation and efficient routing. The guidance provided by ATC takes into account the Earth's rotation and factors in the relative motion of the aircraft.
Runway Alignment: Runways are constructed in alignment with the prevailing wind patterns to minimize crosswinds during takeoff and landing. Pilots aim to approach and depart runways facing into the wind to maximize lift and control. The rotation of the Earth does not significantly affect the alignment of runways because they are built in relation to local geographic features and wind patterns, rather than absolute compass directions.
Aircraft Adjustments: During landing, pilots make adjustments to compensate for the Earth's rotation. They take into account the speed and direction of the wind, as well as the rotational speed of the Earth, to calculate the necessary approach angle and speed. By making appropriate adjustments, pilots can ensure that the aircraft lands safely on the moving Earth.
It's important to note that the speed of the Earth's rotation (about 1670 kilometers per hour or 1037 miles per hour at the equator) is relatively constant, and the effects of this rotational motion are accounted for in aircraft navigation systems and pilot training. The combination of precise navigation technology, air traffic control, runway alignment, and pilot expertise allows planes to safely land on a spinning Earth.