Neutrons can be captured and isolated from an atom through various methods. Here are a couple of common techniques:
Neutron sources: Neutrons can be generated using specialized neutron sources such as research reactors or particle accelerators. Research reactors typically utilize nuclear fission to produce neutrons. Accelerators, on the other hand, can accelerate charged particles (e.g., protons) and direct them onto a target material to induce nuclear reactions that release neutrons.
Nuclear reactions: Neutrons can also be generated through nuclear reactions. For example, bombarding a target material with high-energy particles (such as protons, deuterons, or alpha particles) can induce nuclear reactions that release neutrons. These reactions can occur in particle accelerators or other high-energy experimental setups.
Once neutrons are generated, they can be isolated and manipulated using specific equipment and techniques. Here are some commonly used methods:
Moderators: Neutrons generated from high-energy sources are typically fast-moving, and they need to be slowed down to improve their interaction with other materials. Moderators, such as materials rich in light atoms (e.g., water, heavy water, or graphite), are used to slow down or "moderate" the neutrons by elastic scattering interactions.
Shielding: Neutrons can be shielded and isolated using appropriate materials. Neutrons are electrically neutral particles, so they can penetrate matter relatively easily. Shielding materials with high atomic numbers, such as lead, concrete, or water, can effectively absorb and attenuate neutrons.
Reflectors: Neutron reflectors are used to redirect or reflect neutrons back into a desired area. These reflectors are usually made of materials with low atomic numbers, such as beryllium or graphite, that have good neutron reflection properties.
As for firing neutrons in nuclear reactions, the equipment used depends on the specific experiment or application. In many cases, particle accelerators or neutron generators are employed to provide the necessary high-energy particles to initiate nuclear reactions. These systems utilize sophisticated equipment such as accelerators, beam lines, targets, and detectors to control and measure the nuclear reactions involving neutrons.
It's important to note that handling and working with neutrons require specialized knowledge and safety precautions due to their potential radiation hazards.