Splitting an atom is a process known as nuclear fission. Nuclear fission involves breaking apart the nucleus of an atom, typically a heavy nucleus such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239. The process releases a significant amount of energy.
Nuclear fission can be initiated by bombarding the nucleus of an atom with a neutron. When a neutron collides with a heavy nucleus, it can be absorbed, making the nucleus unstable. The unstable nucleus then splits into two smaller fragments, releasing additional neutrons and a large amount of energy.
The released neutrons can then go on to collide with other heavy nuclei, causing a chain reaction. This chain reaction releases more neutrons and energy, resulting in a self-sustaining process. Controlling the rate of the chain reaction is crucial for practical applications, such as in nuclear power plants or nuclear weapons.
It's important to note that nuclear fission is a complex process that requires careful handling due to the potential dangers involved. It is primarily performed in highly controlled environments, such as nuclear reactors, where safety measures are in place to prevent uncontrolled reactions or releases of radiation.