The drift velocity of electrons in a circuit refers to the average velocity at which electrons move through the conductor. It is related to the current flowing in the circuit. However, the drift velocity alone does not determine the potential difference across components in a circuit.
In a circuit, the potential difference (voltage) is the energy transferred per unit charge as the charge flows through the circuit. It is responsible for driving the current. As the electrons move through different components in a circuit (such as resistors, capacitors, or inductors), they can experience changes in potential energy.
When electrons pass through a resistor, for example, they collide with the atoms of the resistor material, which leads to an energy transfer. These collisions cause a loss of kinetic energy of the electrons, resulting in a decrease in their drift velocity. This decrease in kinetic energy corresponds to a decrease in the potential energy of the electrons, and thus a decrease in the potential difference across the resistor.
Similarly, when electrons pass through other components like capacitors or inductors, the potential energy of the electrons can change due to the storage or release of electrical energy.
Therefore, the drift velocity of electrons in a circuit may remain relatively constant, but the potential difference across components can change due to energy transfers and interactions within the circuit.