Yes, there have been numerous experiments and observations that support the notion that information cannot travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. This principle is a fundamental aspect of special relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905.
One of the most famous experiments confirming this principle is the Michelson-Morley experiment conducted in 1887. The aim of the experiment was to detect the hypothetical luminiferous ether, which was believed to be the medium through which light waves propagated. The experiment's null result demonstrated that the speed of light remained constant regardless of the observer's motion relative to the source. This result laid the foundation for the development of special relativity, which includes the concept of a universal speed limit—the speed of light in a vacuum.
Subsequent experiments and observations in different areas of physics, such as particle physics and astrophysics, have consistently supported the limitation imposed by the speed of light as the maximum achievable speed for information transfer. For example:
Particle accelerator experiments: Particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) provide evidence for the relativistic effects predicted by special relativity. These experiments observe the behavior of subatomic particles traveling at high speeds and demonstrate that their velocities never exceed the speed of light.
Supernova observations: The study of supernovae, particularly the observation of neutrinos emitted during a supernova explosion, provides further evidence. Neutrinos, which are subatomic particles, travel close to the speed of light but still fall short of exceeding it.
These experiments and observations consistently support the view that information transfer cannot occur faster than the speed of light without violating the fundamental principles of relativity.