Several elements are capable of absorbing gamma rays. The primary mechanism by which gamma rays are absorbed is through a process known as photoelectric absorption, where the gamma ray photon interacts with an electron in an atom, transferring its energy to the electron. This results in the ejection of the electron from the atom.
The probability of gamma ray absorption depends on the energy of the gamma ray and the atomic number of the element. Generally, elements with higher atomic numbers have a greater likelihood of absorbing gamma rays. Some of the elements commonly used for gamma ray shielding and absorption include:
Lead (Pb): Lead is an excellent gamma ray absorber and is commonly used for radiation shielding in various applications, such as medical facilities and nuclear power plants.
Tungsten (W): Tungsten is another element with a high atomic number, making it effective at absorbing gamma rays. It is used in radiation shielding for high-energy applications.
Bismuth (Bi): Bismuth is frequently used in combination with other materials to form shields for gamma radiation. It has good absorption properties for gamma rays.
Uranium (U): Uranium and its isotopes can effectively absorb gamma rays. However, due to its radioactivity, it is not commonly used for radiation shielding purposes.
Gold (Au): Gold is a dense metal with a high atomic number, making it capable of absorbing gamma rays. It is sometimes used in radiation shielding applications.
Concrete: While not an element, concrete, which is composed of various materials such as cement, sand, and aggregates, can provide effective gamma ray shielding due to its density and composition.
It's important to note that the effectiveness of gamma ray absorption depends on factors such as the energy and intensity of the gamma rays, the thickness of the material, and the specific application requirements. Different materials or combinations of materials may be used depending on the specific needs and radiation levels involved.