Quantum mechanics, including Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), does indeed introduce uncertainties in the precise locations of subatomic particles. However, this doesn't mean that we cannot gain information about the internal structure of particles like protons or neutrons using high-energy electron beams. The process by which this is achieved is known as electron scattering.
In electron scattering experiments, a high-energy electron beam is directed towards a target that contains protons or neutrons (for example, atomic nuclei). As the high-energy electrons interact with the target particles, they experience electromagnetic interactions with the charged constituents of the nucleus, primarily the protons. The electromagnetic interaction is described by QED.
The electron beam acts as a probe of the internal structure of the target particles. By examining the pattern and properties of the scattered electrons after their interaction with the target, scientists can extract information about the distribution of electric charge within the protons or neutrons. The scattered electrons' angles and energies provide data that can be analyzed using theoretical models and computational techniques to deduce the internal structure of the target particles.
This technique is based on the principle of quantum indeterminacy, which allows for statistical predictions rather than exact measurements of subatomic particles. By collecting and analyzing a large number of scattering events, researchers can build up a statistical picture of the internal structure of protons and neutrons.
It's important to note that while electron scattering experiments provide valuable insights into the internal structure of particles, they do not directly visualize the particles themselves. Instead, they reveal information about their charge distributions and spatial configurations based on the patterns observed in the scattering data.