Doing research in quantum field theory (QFT), string theory, and general relativity typically involves a combination of theoretical and mathematical analysis, computational simulations, and collaboration with other researchers. Here are some general steps that a theoretical physicist may take when conducting research in these areas:
Background knowledge: Theoretical physicists start by acquiring a strong foundation in the relevant field, including a deep understanding of quantum mechanics, classical mechanics, and mathematical methods such as calculus, differential equations, and group theory. They also study advanced topics specific to quantum field theory, string theory, or general relativity, depending on their area of interest.
Literature review: Researchers review existing literature to understand the current state of knowledge, ongoing research, and recent advancements in the field. This helps identify open questions, unresolved problems, and potential areas for exploration.
Developing research questions: Based on the literature review and personal interests, theoretical physicists formulate research questions or hypotheses to investigate. These questions often arise from attempts to extend or improve existing theories, reconcile conflicting results, or explore new phenomena.
Mathematical and theoretical analysis: Theoretical physicists use mathematical tools and techniques to develop formalisms, equations, and frameworks that describe the phenomena they are studying. This involves deriving equations, manipulating mathematical expressions, and developing mathematical models that capture the behavior of the systems under investigation.
Computational simulations and numerical analysis: In some cases, researchers employ computational simulations to study complex systems or phenomena that cannot be easily solved analytically. This involves using computer algorithms and numerical methods to simulate and analyze the behavior of quantum fields, strings, or gravitational interactions.
Collaboration and discussion: Theoretical physicists often collaborate with colleagues, attend conferences, and participate in workshops to exchange ideas, share findings, and seek feedback on their work. Collaborations can be interdisciplinary, involving physicists from different areas or even mathematicians, as these fields often intersect.
Peer review and publication: Once researchers have made progress in their investigations, they typically prepare their work as scientific papers and submit them to peer-reviewed journals. Peer review ensures that the research meets the rigorous standards of the scientific community and helps to validate its quality and significance.
Experimental collaborations: While theoretical physicists primarily focus on theoretical frameworks and mathematical analysis, they may also collaborate with experimental physicists who conduct experiments that can test the predictions or implications of their theories. This collaboration helps bridge the gap between theory and experiment, leading to a deeper understanding of the physical phenomena under study.
It's important to note that the specific research process can vary widely depending on the individual researcher, their expertise, and the particular research area within quantum field theory, string theory, or general relativity. Each field has its own unique challenges and research techniques. Furthermore, these fields are highly specialized and require years of dedicated study and research experience to make significant contributions.