The origin of particle charges, specifically the electric charge, is still an open question in physics. Our current understanding is that particles have their inherent charges, but the ultimate reason behind their specific values is not yet fully explained.
In the Standard Model of particle physics, which describes the fundamental particles and their interactions, particles are classified into different types based on their properties, including their electric charge. There are two types of electric charges: positive and negative. For example, electrons have a negative charge, while protons have a positive charge.
Regarding the origin of these charges, one possibility is that they are simply fundamental properties of the particles themselves, without any deeper explanation. In other words, particles may have charges as intrinsic properties, similar to their mass or spin.
Another perspective comes from the field of quantum field theory, which describes particles as excitations of underlying quantum fields. According to this viewpoint, the interactions between particles and the quantum fields can give rise to their charges. The exact mechanism by which this happens is still a subject of ongoing research.
As for the early universe, during the Big Bang, the universe underwent a period of rapid expansion and high-energy processes. At these extreme conditions, particle interactions and transformations were occurring, and it is believed that the charges of particles were determined during this early phase. However, the specific details of how and why particles acquired their charges remain unknown and continue to be an active area of investigation in theoretical physics.
It's worth noting that while we don't have a complete understanding of the origin of particle charges, the Standard Model of particle physics has been incredibly successful in describing the behavior of particles and their interactions. Nonetheless, scientists are actively exploring beyond the Standard Model theories to address unanswered questions, including the origin of particle charges.