When a rocket is launched by NASA into space, its specific trajectory and mission objectives determine what happens to it after launch. However, I can provide you with a general overview of the typical stages of a rocket's journey:
Launch and Ascent: The rocket is propelled into space by its engines, overcoming Earth's gravity. During this phase, the rocket follows a predetermined flight path to reach the desired orbit or trajectory. The ascent phase typically lasts a few minutes.
Orbit Insertion: Once the rocket reaches its intended altitude and velocity, it performs a maneuver called orbit insertion. This involves firing its engines again to achieve the necessary orbital velocity. The specific altitude and orbital parameters depend on the mission, such as reaching low Earth orbit (LEO) or a higher orbit.
Operational Phase: After reaching the desired orbit, the rocket's payload, such as a satellite or spacecraft, is deployed. This phase can last for a few years or even longer, depending on the mission objectives.
Regarding how long a rocket stays in orbit, it depends on various factors, including the altitude of the orbit, atmospheric drag, and mission requirements. Satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) at altitudes of a few hundred kilometers typically experience enough atmospheric drag to cause their orbits to decay over time. If not periodically boosted or repositioned, they can re-enter Earth's atmosphere within a few years. Satellites in higher orbits, such as geostationary orbit (GEO) at approximately 36,000 kilometers above the equator, can remain in orbit for many years or even decades.
As for the altitude a rocket reaches before coming back down, it depends on the mission. Rockets can be launched into various orbits, ranging from low Earth orbit (LEO) at a few hundred kilometers to higher orbits such as geostationary orbit (GEO) or beyond for deep space missions. The altitude achieved will vary based on the objectives of the mission and the capabilities of the rocket.
When a spacecraft or rocket re-enters Earth's atmosphere at high speeds, several things occur due to the intense heat generated by atmospheric friction:
Atmospheric Heating: The spacecraft experiences extreme temperatures due to the compression of air molecules in front of it. The heat shield or thermal protection system is designed to withstand these temperatures and prevent the spacecraft from burning up.
Plasma Formation: The extreme heat causes the air surrounding the spacecraft to ionize, forming a superheated plasma. This plasma can interfere with radio signals and communication with the spacecraft.
Deceleration and Aerodynamic Forces: The spacecraft experiences significant deceleration and aerodynamic forces as it interacts with the denser parts of the atmosphere. This can subject the spacecraft to high levels of stress.
Parachute Deployment and Landing: Once the spacecraft has sufficiently slowed down, parachutes are often deployed to further decelerate and stabilize the descent. This allows for a controlled landing, either in the ocean or on land, depending on the mission.
It's important to note that the specifics of re-entry can vary depending on the design and purpose of the spacecraft or rocket, as different missions have different requirements and engineering considerations.