The phenomenon you are referring to is known as quantum superposition, where a particle can exist in multiple states or locations simultaneously. This concept is a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics, which is the branch of physics that describes the behavior of particles at the microscopic scale.
In quantum mechanics, particles are described by wave functions, which mathematically represent the probabilities of finding a particle in different states or locations. According to the principles of quantum mechanics, until an observation or measurement is made, a particle can exist in a superposition of states, where it simultaneously occupies multiple positions or states.
However, when a measurement is performed, the wave function "collapses" to a single state corresponding to one of the possible outcomes of the measurement. This collapse is a probabilistic process, and the probability of obtaining a particular outcome is given by the squared magnitude of the corresponding component of the wave function.
The phenomenon of superposition has been experimentally verified through various experiments, such as the double-slit experiment and the interference patterns observed with particles like electrons and photons.
It's important to note that superposition is not directly observable in everyday macroscopic objects, as the effects of quantum mechanics become negligible at larger scales due to a process called decoherence, where interactions with the environment cause the superposition to break down.
While superposition can seem counterintuitive from a classical perspective, it is a well-established aspect of quantum mechanics and has been confirmed by numerous experimental observations. Its understanding and application have led to the development of various technologies, such as quantum computers and quantum cryptography, which rely on harnessing and manipulating quantum superposition for specific purposes.