no government has established military bases on the Moon or any other planets. The exploration and use of celestial bodies like the Moon and planets have primarily been driven by scientific research, space agencies, and international collaborations.
The Outer Space Treaty, ratified by most spacefaring nations, including the United States, prohibits the placement of weapons of mass destruction in space or on celestial bodies. It also restricts the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies exclusively for peaceful purposes. This treaty aims to prevent the militarization of space and promote international cooperation in space exploration.
While there have been discussions and proposals for potential human settlements or research bases on the Moon and Mars, these concepts have generally revolved around scientific exploration, resource utilization, and long-term space missions. The focus has been on international cooperation and advancing our understanding of the universe rather than establishing military installations.
However, it's worth noting that space technology, including satellites and other assets, has strategic importance for military operations on Earth. Governments use space-based assets for reconnaissance, communication, navigation, and other purposes related to national security and defense. But establishing dedicated military bases on celestial bodies is currently not a reality under the existing international legal framework.