Quantum theory and Aristotelian logic/physics have fundamental differences that lead to contradictions and challenges when trying to reconcile them. Here are a few key points of contrast:
Determinism vs. indeterminism: Aristotelian physics is largely based on determinism, the idea that the state of a system can be precisely predicted based on its initial conditions and the laws governing its behavior. In contrast, quantum theory introduces inherent indeterminism at the microscopic level, as described by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Quantum events are probabilistic, and it is impossible to simultaneously know both the precise position and momentum of a particle.
Continuous vs. discrete: Aristotelian physics assumes continuous quantities, such as space, time, and energy, that can take on any value within a given range. Quantum theory, on the other hand, introduces discrete quantities and quantization, as observed in phenomena like quantized energy levels and discrete particle properties.
Wave-particle duality: Quantum theory reveals that particles exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior, a concept known as wave-particle duality. This contradicts the Aristotelian notion of distinct categorization between particles and waves.
Non-locality and entanglement: Quantum theory allows for non-local correlations between particles and the phenomenon of entanglement. This means that the state of one particle can be instantaneously connected to the state of another, regardless of the distance between them. Such non-locality contradicts the principle of local causality inherent in Aristotelian physics.
While Aristotelian physics is remarkably successful in describing macroscopic phenomena and remains relevant in many areas, the advent of quantum theory brought about a paradigm shift in our understanding of the microscopic world. Quantum theory has been extensively tested and validated through numerous experiments, and its predictions have been confirmed with remarkable precision.
The contradictions between these two theories highlight the limitations of Aristotelian physics when applied to the microscopic realm. Quantum theory provides a more comprehensive framework for understanding the behavior of particles at the smallest scales, where the probabilistic nature, wave-particle duality, and non-local effects become significant factors.