If a star went supernova while an Earth-like planet was orbiting it, the consequences for the planet would depend on several factors, including the distance between the planet and the star, the mass of the star, and the specific type of supernova.
Proximity to the Supernova: If the Earth-like planet is relatively close to the star when it goes supernova, the effects would be catastrophic. The intense release of energy and radiation from the exploding star would likely result in the complete destruction of the planet. The planet's atmosphere would be stripped away, its surface would be scorched, and any life forms present would be obliterated.
Distance from the Supernova: If the Earth-like planet is at a greater distance from the star, the effects would be less immediate but still significant. The planet would be bombarded by a wave of intense radiation, including gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation. This radiation could have detrimental effects on the planet's biosphere, damaging or destroying the ozone layer, increasing mutations in living organisms, and causing widespread ecological disruptions. Additionally, the shockwave from the supernova explosion could potentially strip away the planet's atmosphere or induce severe climatic changes.
Type of Supernova: Different types of supernovae have varying energy outputs and characteristics. The two most common types are Type II and Type Ia supernovae. Type II supernovae occur when a massive star collapses and explodes, while Type Ia supernovae result from a white dwarf star in a binary system reaching a critical mass. Type II supernovae are generally more energetic and release larger amounts of radiation compared to Type Ia supernovae. Therefore, the effects on the Earth-like planet would likely be more severe if it was in close proximity to a Type II supernova.
In summary, if an Earth-like planet were orbiting a star that went supernova, the consequences would range from complete destruction if it was close to the star, to severe environmental and ecological disturbances if it was at a greater distance. The specific outcome would depend on the factors mentioned above, making it a highly destructive event for the planet and any life it may host.