The maximum distance at which you can see the Earth with a telescope or binoculars depends on several factors, including the power (magnification) and aperture (size of the objective lens or mirror) of the optical instrument, as well as atmospheric conditions and the height of your viewing location.
In general, with typical consumer-grade binoculars, you can observe objects on Earth up to a few miles or kilometers away, depending on the specific model and conditions. Binoculars are designed for relatively close-range observation, such as wildlife viewing or sporting events.
Telescopes, on the other hand, can have significantly higher magnification and larger apertures, allowing for more distant observations. However, the Earth's curvature limits the distance at which you can see the surface. Even with a powerful telescope, you won't be able to see the entire Earth from a fixed location because the curvature of the planet obstructs your line of sight.
Nevertheless, under favorable conditions, it is possible to observe objects on Earth from a considerable distance with a telescope. For example, if you are observing from a high altitude or a tall structure, you may be able to see features on the Earth's surface several dozen miles or more away. However, the specific distance will vary depending on the factors mentioned earlier.
It's important to note that when observing distant objects on Earth with telescopes or binoculars, atmospheric conditions can significantly affect the clarity and quality of the view. Factors like air turbulence, humidity, and atmospheric pollution can cause distortion, reducing the sharpness of the image.