The existence of solar systems is well-established, and our own solar system provides a wealth of evidence for their existence. Solar systems consist of a central star, such as our Sun, and various celestial bodies like planets, moons, asteroids, and comets that orbit around it.
Now, let's address your question about why the Sun doesn't freeze over despite the cold temperatures of space. While space is indeed extremely cold, the temperature in space is not the sole determinant of an object's temperature. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles within a substance, such as atoms and molecules.
In the case of the Sun, its high temperature and ability to generate heat come from a process known as nuclear fusion. The Sun's core experiences immense pressure and temperature, which leads to the fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei. This process releases an enormous amount of energy in the form of light and heat, creating the Sun's intense heat.
The heat generated by nuclear fusion in the Sun's core is constantly radiated outward, keeping the Sun's surface, or photosphere, at a temperature of around 5,500 degrees Celsius (9,932 degrees Fahrenheit). This temperature is much higher than the freezing point of water, which is 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit).
Additionally, space is a vacuum, which means it is devoid of matter and does not conduct heat efficiently. Without a medium to conduct heat away from the Sun, the majority of its energy remains trapped within, maintaining its high temperature.
In summary, the Sun's high temperature is a result of the nuclear fusion process occurring in its core, which generates an enormous amount of heat. Despite the cold temperatures of space, the Sun doesn't freeze over because it continuously produces and radiates an immense amount of energy, keeping its surface temperature far above freezing point.