The field of quantum computing is indeed facing challenges related to the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics and the issues associated with error rates and entanglement. While it is difficult to predict the exact impact of a future theory of "quantum gravity" on these challenges, it is worth discussing some aspects related to your question.
Quantum Error Correction: One of the major areas of research in quantum computing is quantum error correction. Error correction techniques aim to mitigate the effects of errors caused by decoherence, noise, and other sources. By encoding quantum information redundantly and employing error-detection and error-correction codes, it is possible to protect quantum states and computations from errors. Quantum error correction protocols can help mitigate the impact of errors and improve the reliability of quantum computations.
Advancements in Hardware: The development of better qubit technologies and hardware platforms is also crucial for improving quantum computing systems. Researchers are exploring different physical systems, such as superconducting circuits, trapped ions, topological qubits, and others, to find ways to reduce errors, increase coherence times, and enhance the controllability of qubits. Progress in hardware can lead to more stable and robust quantum systems, thereby reducing the impact of errors.
Quantum Error Mitigation Techniques: Apart from error correction, researchers are also investigating various error mitigation techniques. These techniques involve using statistical methods to estimate and reduce errors in quantum computations without full error correction. Error mitigation techniques can help improve the accuracy of quantum algorithms, even if they do not completely eliminate errors.
Quantum Gravity and Quantum Computing: The field of "quantum gravity" aims to reconcile the principles of quantum mechanics with the theory of general relativity, which describes gravity on a large scale. While it is an active area of research, it is not yet fully understood. It is uncertain how the resolution of the challenges in quantum gravity would directly impact the specific challenges faced by quantum computing, such as error rates and entanglement.
However, advances in fundamental physics, including a better understanding of quantum gravity, could potentially lead to new insights and discoveries that might indirectly benefit quantum computing. The fundamental understanding of quantum mechanics and its interactions with gravity may shed light on the nature of entanglement, the behavior of quantum systems, and the development of more efficient quantum algorithms.
In summary, while the exact impact of a future theory of "quantum gravity" on the challenges of quantum computing remains uncertain, ongoing research and development in areas such as error correction, hardware advancements, and error mitigation techniques are actively pursued to improve the reliability and scalability of quantum computing systems.