Quarks, gluons, and neutrinos are all fundamental particles in the field of particle physics. Here's a brief description of each:
Quarks: Quarks are elementary particles that are considered to be the building blocks of matter. They are fundamental constituents of particles such as protons and neutrons, which are collectively known as hadrons. Quarks have fractional electric charges, with values of either +2/3 or -1/3 times the elementary charge. There are six known types, or flavors, of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. Quarks interact through the strong force, mediated by gluons.
Gluons: Gluons are particles that mediate the strong nuclear force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature. The strong force is responsible for holding quarks together within protons, neutrons, and other hadrons. Gluons themselves carry the strong force and interact with quarks and other gluons. Unlike photons, which mediate the electromagnetic force and are electrically neutral, gluons carry a color charge associated with the strong force. Gluons are massless and are the only particles that interact with the strong force.
Neutrinos: Neutrinos are neutral, elementary particles that belong to the lepton family. They have an extremely tiny mass and interact only via the weak nuclear force and gravity. There are three known types of neutrinos: the electron neutrino, the muon neutrino, and the tau neutrino, corresponding to the three charged leptons in the Standard Model. Neutrinos are notoriously difficult to detect due to their weak interactions, and they are produced in various processes, such as nuclear reactions and high-energy particle collisions.
These particles have been extensively studied and their properties and behaviors have been observed and measured in particle accelerators and experiments. They play crucial roles in our understanding of the fundamental structure of matter and the fundamental forces that govern the universe.