If the Earth were to be captured by a black hole, the consequences would be catastrophic. Once within the black hole's event horizon (the point of no return), the gravitational pull becomes so intense that nothing, including light, can escape. The Earth would be inexorably drawn toward the singularity at the center of the black hole.
As the Earth approached the black hole, the tidal forces would stretch and distort the planet due to the immense gravitational gradient. This process is known as spaghettification, and it would tear the Earth apart into a long, thin stream of matter.
Once the Earth crossed the event horizon, it would be impossible for it to escape the black hole's gravitational grip. The singularity at the center is a point of infinite density and gravitational force, and any matter that reaches it is compressed to a state beyond our current understanding of physics.
As for the time it would take for the Earth to be captured by a black hole, it depends on various factors such as the mass and size of the black hole and the distance between the Earth and the black hole. In a hypothetical scenario where the Earth were on a collision course with a black hole, the time of capture would likely be relatively short, possibly on the order of days to years.
However, it's important to note that the likelihood of such an event occurring is extremely remote. The nearest known black hole to Earth, called V616 Monocerotis (or V616 Mon), is estimated to be about 3,000 light-years away. The chances of the Earth being captured by a black hole in the foreseeable future are practically nonexistent.