Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic (PV) panels, are devices that convert sunlight into electricity. They are typically made up of several layers of different materials. The most common type of solar panel is composed of the following components:
Photovoltaic Cells: These are the heart of a solar panel. Photovoltaic cells, commonly made of silicon, are responsible for converting sunlight into electrical energy. When photons (light particles) strike the surface of the cell, they create an electric field across the layers of the cell, generating a flow of electrons and producing direct current (DC) electricity.
Encapsulation: Photovoltaic cells are protected by encapsulation materials, such as ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) or similar materials. The encapsulation layer acts as a protective barrier, preventing moisture, dust, and other environmental factors from damaging the delicate solar cells.
Backsheet: The backsheet is the bottom layer of the solar panel and is typically made of a polymer material like Tedlar or a combination of Tedlar and polyester. It provides additional protection against moisture and helps maintain the structural integrity of the panel.
Glass or Transparent Cover: The front surface of the solar panel is usually covered with tempered glass, which is highly transparent and durable. The glass protects the internal components from external elements while allowing sunlight to pass through.
Frame: Solar panels are often encased in a rigid frame made of aluminum or other metals. The frame provides structural support, protection, and facilitates the installation of the panel onto various surfaces such as rooftops or mounting structures.
Junction Box: The junction box is typically located on the back of the solar panel and contains electrical connections. It serves as a terminal box where the electrical output from the solar panel is collected and connected to external wires or cables.
It's worth noting that there are different types of solar panels, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin-film panels, which may have variations in their composition and manufacturing processes.