The Earth's atmosphere can indeed have a significant impact on the clarity and resolution of astronomical observations. The blurring and distortion caused by atmospheric turbulence are known as "atmospheric seeing." To mitigate this effect and improve observations, astronomers often use telescopes in locations with favorable atmospheric conditions, such as high-altitude sites or space-based observatories.
When a telescope is situated on the Earth's surface, the atmosphere limits its ability to achieve the highest possible magnification and resolution. The degree to which the atmosphere affects observations depends on various factors, including the wavelength of light being observed, the altitude of the observing site, and the prevailing atmospheric conditions.
In general, the blurring effect of the atmosphere becomes more pronounced with increasing altitude above the Earth's surface. However, the boundary at which the atmosphere significantly hampers observations varies. It is typically around 10-15 kilometers (6-9 miles) above sea level where the atmospheric density becomes significantly reduced, and the impact on observations is reduced.
To overcome the limitations imposed by the Earth's atmosphere, space-based telescopes are employed. By placing telescopes above the atmosphere, they can avoid atmospheric distortion entirely, resulting in significantly clearer and sharper observations. Examples of space telescopes include the Hubble Space Telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the James Webb Space Telescope (scheduled for launch in 2021).
Space-based telescopes provide unparalleled views of the universe, free from the atmospheric blurring that limits ground-based observations. However, it's important to note that these observatories are expensive to develop and maintain, and their capabilities are limited by factors such as mission duration and available resources.