There are a few reasons why we haven't returned to the Moon since the Apollo missions in the 1960s and 1970s:
Cost: Human space exploration, especially crewed missions to the Moon, is a costly endeavor. The Apollo program was a significant investment for the United States, driven by the Space Race and the geopolitical context of the time. The expense associated with building the necessary infrastructure, spacecraft, and support systems has been a significant barrier to regular manned lunar missions.
Shift in priorities: After the Apollo missions, the focus of space exploration shifted towards low Earth orbit activities, such as the Space Shuttle program, the International Space Station (ISS), and robotic missions to other planets and celestial bodies. The emphasis moved away from crewed lunar missions due to changing priorities, scientific interests, and budgetary considerations.
Technological readiness: While the Apollo missions demonstrated our capability to land astronauts on the Moon, there were limitations in terms of duration and mobility. The lunar missions were relatively short in duration, and the astronauts primarily explored a limited area near the landing site. Extended stays on the lunar surface and more extensive exploration would require the development of advanced life support systems, improved mobility, and sustainable resource utilization.
In terms of what will make it possible to return to the Moon in the future, several factors come into play:
Technological advancements: Continued progress in space technology, robotics, materials science, propulsion systems, and life support systems will contribute to more efficient and sustainable lunar exploration. This includes developing new spacecraft, habitats, rovers, and spacesuits to support human missions to the Moon.
International collaboration: International cooperation can help share the costs, resources, and expertise required for lunar missions. Initiatives such as NASA's Artemis program, which aims to return humans to the Moon, involve collaboration with international partners, including space agencies from other countries.
Commercial involvement: The growing interest of commercial space companies in lunar exploration can help drive progress. Private companies are developing innovative approaches, such as lunar landers and resource utilization technologies, which may lower costs and provide new opportunities for lunar missions.
Long-term goals and political will: Clear and sustained commitments from governments and space agencies, along with public support, are essential for undertaking ambitious lunar missions. Establishing long-term goals and maintaining political will can provide the necessary momentum and funding to enable human return to the Moon.
It's worth noting that plans and timelines for future lunar missions may evolve based on political, budgetary, and technological factors. However, with ongoing advancements and renewed interest in lunar exploration, it is likely that human missions to the Moon will become feasible in the foreseeable future.