In the vacuum of space, sound waves cannot propagate because there is no medium to transmit the vibrations. Sound requires a medium, such as air, water, or a solid, to travel through. In the absence of a medium, like in the near-vacuum conditions of outer space, sound waves cannot be transmitted or heard.
However, electromagnetic waves, such as light, can travel through the vacuum of space. Unlike sound waves, electromagnetic waves do not require a medium to propagate. The frequency of electromagnetic waves can range from extremely low frequencies, such as those associated with radio waves, to extremely high frequencies, such as those associated with gamma rays.
The highest possible frequency of an electromagnetic wave is not explicitly defined. The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses a wide range of frequencies, and there is technically no upper limit to frequency within this spectrum. However, extremely high-frequency electromagnetic waves, such as gamma rays, have frequencies on the order of 10^19 hertz (Hz) or even higher.
It's important to note that while electromagnetic waves can carry information and interact with matter, they do not behave as sound waves do. Sound waves require a medium and propagate as mechanical vibrations, whereas electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagate through space as energy.