Electrons can achieve speeds close to the speed of light without being destroyed due to their charge because the effects of relativity come into play. According to Einstein's theory of relativity, as an object with mass approaches the speed of light, its relativistic mass increases, and the energy required to further accelerate it also increases. This means that as an electron approaches the speed of light, its mass effectively increases, making it more difficult to accelerate it further.
Additionally, relativity also introduces the concept of time dilation. As an electron's speed approaches the speed of light, time dilation occurs, and the internal clock of the electron slows down relative to an observer at rest. This means that from the electron's perspective, its internal processes and interactions are not occurring at an accelerated rate, despite its high speed.
Regarding the electron's charge, it remains the same regardless of its speed. The electromagnetic force acting on the electron is still determined by its charge, and this force can be balanced by other forces present in the environment, such as the force due to the magnetic field.
In summary, electrons can achieve high speeds without being destroyed due to their charge because the effects of relativity, such as increased mass and time dilation, come into play, altering the behavior of the electron and allowing it to maintain its integrity at high speeds.