There is no known object in the universe that spins fast enough to overcome its own gravitational pull at the equator. According to our current understanding of physics, if an object were to spin so rapidly that the centripetal force at its equator exceeded the gravitational force, it would disintegrate due to the strong forces acting on it.
The concept you described is related to the notion of the equatorial escape velocity, which is the minimum velocity an object must achieve to escape the gravitational pull at the equator of a celestial body. The equatorial escape velocity depends on the mass and radius of the object. However, increasing the rotation speed alone does not change the gravitational pull of the object.
In reality, there are physical limits to how fast an object can rotate without disintegrating, such as the strength of its internal structure and the forces holding it together. These limits prevent an object from reaching a rotation speed where the centrifugal force at the equator exceeds the gravitational force.
It's worth noting that there are extremely dense objects called neutron stars that rotate rapidly and emit beams of electromagnetic radiation, known as pulsars. However, even in the case of pulsars, the centrifugal forces at the equator do not overcome the gravitational forces to the extent you described.
In summary, while there are objects in the universe that rotate at high speeds, there is no known object for which the centrifugal force at the equator surpasses the gravitational force to the degree that standing objects would be accelerated beyond escape velocity.