Superstring theory, also known as string theory, is a theoretical framework that attempts to reconcile general relativity (which describes gravity) with quantum mechanics. It suggests that fundamental particles are not point-like but are instead tiny, vibrating strings. These strings vibrate in different modes, giving rise to the various particles and forces observed in the universe.
In the context of string theory, gravity emerges as a fundamental force from the vibrational patterns of these strings. It is not considered a preexisting force but rather a manifestation of the interactions between strings. This perspective differs from classical physics, where gravity is typically treated as a preexisting force acting on particles.
Regarding the nature of the universe before the Big Bang, it's important to note that the current understanding of physics breaks down at the very early moments of the universe. The Big Bang theory describes the expansion of the universe from an extremely hot and dense state, but it does not provide information about what might have occurred before that.
Speculations about a pre-Big Bang phase often involve concepts such as black holes and cosmological singularities. However, these ideas are highly speculative and not yet supported by empirical evidence or a comprehensive theoretical framework. The scientific community continues to explore these questions through various approaches, including string theory, loop quantum gravity, and other cosmological models. However, a definitive understanding of what preceded the Big Bang remains an open area of research.