Yes, there are theories of the universe's creation that do not require dark matter or dark energy to exist. While dark matter and dark energy are currently used to explain certain phenomena in cosmology, alternative theories have been proposed that aim to provide explanations without the need for these concepts. Here are a few examples:
Modified gravity: Instead of introducing dark matter to account for the observed gravitational effects, modified gravity theories propose modifications to the laws of gravity on large scales. These theories suggest that our understanding of gravity, such as Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, may need to be revised. Examples of modified gravity theories include Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and Modified Gravity (MOG). These theories attempt to explain the observed dynamics of galaxies and the universe without invoking dark matter.
Inflationary models: Inflation is a widely accepted theory that explains the rapid expansion of the early universe. In some inflationary models, the accelerated expansion can be driven by the properties of the inflaton field, which is not necessarily related to dark energy. These models propose alternative mechanisms for cosmic acceleration without invoking a distinct dark energy component.
Cosmological constant cancellation: The cosmological constant, associated with dark energy, is typically introduced to explain the observed acceleration of the universe's expansion. However, some theories propose mechanisms for canceling out the cosmological constant, thus eliminating the need for dark energy. These mechanisms involve fine-tuning or dynamic cancellations between different components of the universe, such as matter, radiation, and vacuum energy.
Topological defects: In some theories, the formation of topological defects during phase transitions in the early universe, such as cosmic strings or domain walls, can account for certain observational features that are typically attributed to dark matter. These defects could generate gravitational effects that mimic the presence of dark matter, providing an alternative explanation.
It's important to note that while these theories offer alternative perspectives, they are not yet fully supported by extensive observational evidence. Dark matter and dark energy remain the prevailing explanations for a wide range of cosmological observations. Ongoing research, observations, and theoretical developments continue to explore these alternative ideas and refine our understanding of the universe's creation and dynamics.