Yes, besides relative velocity, there are other factors that can affect the passage of time for two individuals experiencing different accelerations as they move through space-time. These effects are primarily governed by the principles of general relativity, which describes how gravity and acceleration influence the fabric of space-time.
According to general relativity, gravitational fields and accelerations can cause time dilation, which means that the passage of time can vary for observers in different gravitational or accelerated frames of reference. This phenomenon is known as gravitational time dilation or acceleration time dilation.
When an individual is in a gravitational field or undergoing acceleration, their experience of time will be different compared to someone in a different gravitational or accelerated frame. The closer an object is to a massive gravitational source or the stronger the acceleration it undergoes, the slower time will pass for that object relative to a less gravitationally influenced or less accelerated frame.
For example, in the vicinity of a massive object like a black hole, where the gravitational field is extremely strong, time dilation is significant. An observer close to the black hole would experience time passing slower compared to someone located farther away. Similarly, in an accelerating spaceship, occupants closer to the source of acceleration will experience time passing slower compared to those farther away.
These effects have been experimentally verified and are crucial for the accuracy of global positioning systems (GPS), which rely on precise timekeeping. Satellites in orbit experience weaker gravity compared to Earth's surface, causing them to run slightly faster relative to clocks on the ground.
In summary, both relative velocity and gravitational fields/accelerations can influence the passage of time for individuals in different frames of reference. These effects are fundamental aspects of general relativity and play a crucial role in our understanding of space-time and its relationship with gravity and motion.