In the context of fundamental physics, time is typically considered a fundamental concept rather than being derived from an equation. It plays a crucial role in the description of physical phenomena and is typically included as a fundamental quantity in fundamental theories such as classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, and general relativity.
However, in the framework of special relativity, there is an equation that relates time dilation to the relative velocity between two reference frames. This equation demonstrates how time can be affected by the motion of an observer relative to another frame of reference.
The equation is known as the time dilation equation and is given by:
Δt' = Δt / √(1 - (v^2/c^2))
where: Δt' is the time interval measured in a moving frame of reference, Δt is the time interval measured in a stationary frame of reference, v is the relative velocity between the two frames, and c is the speed of light in a vacuum.
This equation illustrates how time can appear to pass differently for observers in different reference frames due to their relative velocities. It is a fundamental result in the theory of special relativity, which describes the behavior of objects moving at high speeds or in the presence of strong gravitational fields.