The concept of escape velocity is derived from the understanding of gravitational forces and the laws of physics. It is not that there is no escape distance from Earth, but rather that the gravitational pull of Earth extends indefinitely. However, the intensity of the gravitational force decreases as you move farther away from the Earth.
Escape velocity is the minimum velocity an object needs to achieve to escape the gravitational pull of a celestial body, such as the Earth, without any additional propulsion. It is the speed required to overcome the gravitational force pulling the object back.
The gravitational force between two objects decreases with distance according to the inverse square law. As you move farther away from Earth, the force of gravity weakens, but it never fully reaches zero. In theory, the gravitational force extends to infinity, albeit becoming extremely weak at large distances.
To escape Earth's gravity, an object needs to achieve a velocity that allows it to counteract the pull of gravity and overcome the Earth's gravitational field. This velocity is known as the escape velocity. Once an object surpasses the escape velocity, the gravitational force becomes progressively weaker as the object moves away from Earth, but it never truly reaches zero.
In practical terms, reaching escape velocity from Earth allows an object to overcome the gravitational force sufficiently to travel beyond Earth's gravitational influence and into space. However, it is important to note that other celestial bodies, such as the Moon, other planets, or even black holes, have their own gravitational fields with their own escape velocities.