The question of what particles are made out of is a fundamental and complex one in physics. According to our current understanding of particle physics, particles are considered to be the fundamental building blocks of matter. They are not composed of anything smaller or more fundamental.
In the framework of the Standard Model of particle physics, which describes the known elementary particles and their interactions, there are several types of particles. These include quarks, which are the building blocks of protons and neutrons, and leptons, such as electrons and neutrinos. Additionally, there are force-carrying particles called gauge bosons, like photons (associated with electromagnetic force) and W and Z bosons (associated with weak nuclear force). The Higgs boson, discovered in 2012, is also an important particle within this framework.
Particles are often described in terms of their properties, such as mass, charge, and spin, which are intrinsic characteristics they possess. However, when it comes to understanding the fundamental nature of particles, the question of what they are ultimately made of remains unanswered. At extremely high energies, such as those found in particle accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), scientists probe the subatomic realm to study the structure and behavior of particles. However, reaching a definitive answer about the ultimate building blocks of particles requires further exploration and investigation beyond our current understanding.