The distance that electromagnetic waves can penetrate water depends on the specific frequency of the waves and the properties of the water itself. Different frequencies of electromagnetic waves interact with water in different ways, leading to varying penetration depths.
In general, electromagnetic waves with higher frequencies, such as X-rays and gamma rays, have shorter wavelengths and higher energy. These high-frequency waves can penetrate water to a greater extent, reaching deeper depths before being attenuated or absorbed. However, it's important to note that excessive exposure to high-energy electromagnetic waves can be harmful to living organisms.
On the other hand, electromagnetic waves with lower frequencies, such as radio waves and microwaves, have longer wavelengths and lower energy. These lower-frequency waves interact more strongly with water molecules and tend to be absorbed or scattered more quickly. As a result, their penetration depth in water is generally more limited compared to higher-frequency waves.
For instance, radio waves used for communication purposes can penetrate water to some extent, but their effective range is typically limited to shallow depths. In contrast, visible light, which is also an electromagnetic wave, does not penetrate water very deeply and is quickly absorbed, causing the water to appear opaque.
The specific behavior of electromagnetic waves in water can be influenced by factors such as the salinity, temperature, and impurities present in the water. Consequently, the depth of penetration can vary in different water conditions.