The Hubble Space Telescope and other telescopes that observe distant objects do not directly capture waves or particles from the past. Instead, they detect and record electromagnetic radiation, such as visible light or radio waves, emitted by those objects in the past.
When light or radio waves travel through space, they generally do not interact or interfere with each other in a way that would destroy the information they carry. This is because electromagnetic waves, including light and radio waves, are characterized by their wavelength and frequency. Waves with different wavelengths or frequencies can coexist and travel through space without significantly affecting each other.
For example, when we observe distant galaxies using the Hubble Space Telescope, the light that reaches us from those galaxies has traveled for millions or even billions of years. During this journey, the light has encountered various objects and media in space, but its information is not lost or destroyed. The light waves maintain their integrity and carry the information about the objects they originated from.
Interference between electromagnetic waves typically occurs when waves with the same or very similar wavelengths interact in a specific way. This phenomenon is exploited in various technologies, such as radio communication or wave interference experiments. However, for most practical purposes, the vastness of space allows electromagnetic waves to propagate without significant interference, preserving the information they carry over large distances and time spans.
It's worth noting that certain phenomena can affect the propagation of waves over long distances, such as gravitational lensing, where the path of light is bent by massive objects, or cosmic microwave background radiation, which is a remnant of the early universe. However, these effects are taken into account and studied by astronomers and astrophysicists to interpret the observations and understand the universe's properties.