In the current understanding of atomic structure, elements typically have the same number of protons as electrons in their neutral state. This equality of protons and electrons maintains the overall charge balance of an atom.
However, if an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes an ion and carries a positive or negative charge. Positively charged ions, known as cations, have more protons than electrons, while negatively charged ions, called anions, have more electrons than protons.
The highest atomic number of an element that forms a cation with more protons than electrons is 118, which corresponds to the element Oganesson (Og). Oganesson is an artificially synthesized superheavy element, and its most stable isotope, Og-294, has 118 protons and 176 neutrons.
118 elements have been discovered and confirmed. However, it is worth noting that elements beyond atomic number 118 are highly unstable and extremely difficult to produce and study due to their short half-lives. Therefore, the existence and properties of elements beyond oganesson (element 118) are still an active area of scientific research.