Among the electromagnetic waves you mentioned, gamma rays are typically the most effective and fastest at sterilizing pathogens. Gamma rays have the highest frequency and shortest wavelength among the electromagnetic spectrum, making them highly energetic. This high energy allows gamma rays to penetrate deep into materials and interact with the genetic material (DNA/RNA) of pathogens, rendering them inactive or unable to reproduce.
Due to their ability to penetrate materials and their high ionizing nature, gamma rays are extensively used in various sterilization processes. They can effectively sterilize medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, and food products, among other applications.
It's important to note that while gamma rays are highly effective at sterilization, they also pose potential health hazards to living organisms, including humans, if not properly controlled or shielded. Therefore, the use of gamma rays for sterilization is typically done in controlled environments and with appropriate safety measures to protect operators and the environment.